Solubility and saturation tutorial: what are they, how are they related, what is supersaturation

Presented are various aspects of solubility and solubility curves, saturation, and supersaturation: understanding what they are and how they are related by looking at the particle level and how different conditions are represented graphically, including comparison to the macro level: 1) solubility and the solubility curve, 2) saturation, 3) equilibrium in saturated solution: what does it look like at the macro versus micro levels, and what is the difference between being saturated at solubility and saturated above solubility, 4) energy considerations in supersaturated solution, 5) comparison of solubility curves of solids versus gases, 6) the significance of oxygen's decreasing solubility for ocean life.
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Gas in liquid:
Oxygen in water
Carbon dioxide in water – a less simple example, because the solution is accompanied by a chemical reaction (formation of ions). The visible bubbles in carbonated water are not the dissolved gas, but only an effervescence of carbon dioxide that has come out of solution; the dissolved gas itself is not visible since it is dissolved on a molecular level.
Liquid in liquid:
The mixing of two or more substances of the same chemistry but different concentrations to form a constant. (Homogenization of solutions)
Alcoholic beverages are basically solutions of ethanol in water.
Solid in liquid:
Sucrose (table sugar) in water
Sodium chloride (NaCl) (table salt) or any other salt in water, which forms an electrolyte: When dissolving, salt dissociates into ions.
Solutions in water are especially common, and are called aqueous solutions.
Non-aqueous solutions are when the liquid solvent involved is not water.